Knowledge base

What does a data breach cost in 2026? IBM’s Cost of a Data Breach Report 2025 put the global average total cost at USD 4.88 million – up 10% from USD 4.45 million in 2023 and the largest single-year increase since the pandemic. That headline figure is not the most useful number for a board. […]

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What is a stablecoin? A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value relative to a chosen asset – most commonly the US dollar or euro. Unlike Bitcoin, whose price can swing by double digits within a single day, USDC and EURC always correspond to exactly 1 USD or 1 EUR. Stablecoins operate […]

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Updated: 22 April 2026 What is an AI-assisted cyberattack? An AI-assisted cyberattack is an offensive operation in which a threat actor uses commercial or custom-built AI platforms – such as large language models – as primary operational tools to perform reconnaissance, write exploits, escalate privileges, exfiltrate data, and automate lateral movement across victim infrastructure. The […]

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What is a cybersecurity roadmap for a mid-market company? It is a sequenced, phased plan that takes an organisation from an ad hoc collection of tools and one-off projects to a managed security programme with owned controls, tested resilience, and a credible compliance posture. IBM’s Cost of a Data Breach Report 2024 found that organisations […]

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Updated: 15th April 2026 What is the digital euro? The digital euro is a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) issued by the European Central Bank, serving as the digital equivalent of euro banknotes and coins. Unlike funds held in bank accounts – which are a commercial bank’s liability to the customer – the digital […]

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Updated: 8th April 2026 What is a typosquatting attack on a package registry? It is a technique in which an attacker publishes a package with a name deceptively similar to a popular, trusted library – relying on the developer making a typo or not checking the name carefully enough before installation. In February 2026, the […]

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  What is geopolitical cyber risk for private companies? It is the exposure created when state-sponsored or state-linked threat actors – known as Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) – conduct operations that directly hit private organisations, or that compromise the suppliers, telecoms, payment platforms, and cloud providers those organisations depend upon. Ukraine’s State Service of Special […]

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Updated: 8th April 2026 What are agentic payments? Agentic payments are financial transactions initiated and executed autonomously by AI agents – without any human involvement at the point of authorisation. The agent independently identifies a purchase need, selects a supplier, authenticates cryptographically and finalises the payment, all within a single programmatic flow. Visa defined the […]

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Updated: 07 April 2026 What are the most common CEO cybersecurity mistakes? They are not technical failures – they are leadership decisions, assumptions, and omissions that create the gaps attackers walk through. Under NIS2 (Article 20) and DORA (Article 5), management bodies can be held personally liable for cybersecurity infringements. IBM’s Cost of a Data […]

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Updated: 2nd April 2026 What is a PCI DSS network diagram? A PCI DSS network diagram is a documented, up-to-date visual representation of your IT environment that shows all networks, systems, and data flows within and around the Cardholder Data Environment (CDE). PCI DSS version 4.0.1 mandates two specific diagrams under requirements 1.2.3 (network diagram) […]

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Updated: 30th March 2026 What is Verifiable Intent (VI)? Verifiable Intent is an open cryptographic standard (version 0.1-draft, published in February 2026 by the Verifiable Intent Working Group) that allows a user to define the scope of permissions for an AI agent once — and the agent then executes payment transactions independently within those boundaries, […]

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We compare 5 payment methods in Polish eCommerce: card, BLIK, BNPL, instalments and online transfer. Find out which one protects buyers best, how chargeback works and when merchants receive their funds.

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